![]() ![]() The frequency of this syndrome is variable accordingly to different studies with a mean of 40% of the cases and data obtained by numerous studies seem to indicate the presence of multiple etiological factors, both structural-endogenous and environmental-external, that may change depending on the early or late onset of the depressive disorder. For example, mood disorders are often associated with acute or chronic cerebrovascular pathologies where the most common complications is certainly depression, usually defined post-stroke depression (PSD). Other psychiatric syndromes that can be seen in persons with neurological disorders are alexithymia, worry, and locus of control. Most common psychiatric disorders in neurology are depression, anxiety, maniacal states, and thought and perception disorders. Emotional and behavioral disturbances with a polymorphic symptomatology are often connected to neurological disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), stroke, dementia, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and others Motor Neuron Diseases (MND), pain syndromes (like headaches) and can be observed even with or without “organic” neurological diseases, thus miming in some cases an idiopathic psychiatric disorder. However, the reductionism of Combe’s distinction clearly emerges from the clinical observation given that a wide range of nervous system’s illnesses with different etiology shows both neurological and psychiatric symptoms. According to Combe, cerebral diseases were respectively classified depending on the presence or the absence of cerebral lesions and from that time on this terminology has been used to indicate that some behavioral disorders are linked to a neurological damage while others are not. This clinical attitude is historically based on the obsolete and reductive distinction between “organic” and “functional” behavioral disorders introduced by the phrenologist George Combe in 19 th century. On the other hand, psychiatrists do not seem to give an adequate attention to these symptoms considering them as a consequence of a cerebral damage and more pertinent to neurologists. Neurological diseases are often associated with several behavioral and psychological symptoms that are usually overlooked by neurologists because require diagnostic methods that differ from those used for classical somatic symptoms and are more suitable to the field of psychiatry. Most of the studies support the efficacy of MT and other musical interventions on mood, depressive syndromes, and quality of life on neurological patients. ![]() ![]() Selected studies are based on relational and rehabilitative music therapy approaches or concern music listening interventions. ![]() Searching on PubMed and PsycInfo databases, 25 studies corresponding to the inclusion criteria have been selected 11 of them assess the effects of music or MT in Dementia, 9 explore the efficacy on patients with Stroke, and 5 regard other neurological diseases like Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/motor neuron disease, Chronic quadriplegia, Parkinson’s Disease, and Acquired Brain dysfunctions. The aim of this article is to provide a narrative review of the current literature on musical interventions and their effects on mood and depression in patients with neurological disorders. Despite the large amount of evidence regarding the effects of music therapy (MT) and other musical interventions on different aspects of neurological disorders, no updated article reviewing outcomes such as mood, emotions, depression, activity of daily living and so on is actually available for this reason, little is known about the effectiveness of music and MT on these important outcomes in neurological patients. In addition, a bidirectional association between depression and neurological disorders may be possible being that depressive syndromes may be considered as a risk factor for certain neurological diseases. Notwithstanding, these conditions are often under-diagnosed and under-treated in the clinical practice and negatively affect the functional recovery, the adherence to treatment, the quality of life, and even the mortality risk. Mood disorder and depressive syndromes represent a common comorbid condition in neurological disorders with a prevalence rate that ranges between 20% and 50% of patients with stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. ![]()
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